SEE: Allow me to disabuse you of a common misnomer

See more on Know Your Meme

From the way I’ve seen people use the term SEE in recent years, I don’t think they know what they’re talking about. I want to dispel the notion that SEE is any and every form of English-like American Sign Language (ASL). English-like ASL goes by many names — contact language, contact variety signing (CVS), conceptually accurate signed English (CASE), manually coded English (MCE), and pidgin signed English (PSE). The idea that English-like ASL is a pidgin was refuted by Cokely in 1983 and by Lucas & Valli and Davis in 1989, yet many people still use the term PSE, unaware of the research that disproved it 20–30 years ago. If people are still using the term PSE two and three decades after it was refuted by linguists, I don’t know there’s hope of getting people to stop using the term SEE so loosely, but I’m going to try, so hear me out.

SEE stands for Seeing Essential English, a sign system developed by a Deaf teacher, David Anthony, and the Deaf children he taught. David Anthony and his interpreter Arthur Washburn, in their article Seeing Essential English: A sign system of English, show that they had an insider’s knowledge of Deaf history, Deaf culture, and ASL. David Anthony developed SEE to help Deaf children learn English. SEE is a specific, contrived sign system that combines signs from ASL with handshapes from the fingerspelled alphabet; i.e., “initialized signs.” Washburn and Anthony argue that initialization is nothing new, pointing out that several signs Americans don’t realized are initialized actually were initialized upon French words; e.g. C for chercher (SEARCH), B for bon (GOOD), A for autre (OTHER), and C for cent (HUNDRED). In SEE, a sign can only be used to represent one English word, and one sign cannot be used to represent more than one word. For the purpose of teaching morphemic knowledge of English, SEE included affixes and suffixes such as -ness, -ment, etc.

Note well that there is hardly anyone who signs SEE anymore (which Luetke-Stahlman & Milburn noted way back in 1996). I could not find a single video of anyone signing SEE on the Internet. I did, however, find a video of Dr. Barb Luetke presenting a lecture on the subject:

Even when people use the term SEE to stand for Signing Exact English, they are not quite right. Signing Exact English is technically SEE², a later sign system based on SEE. Even SEE² is so uncommon I could hardly find any videos of people signing it. There are three humorous videos by Eric Witteborg and friend parodying Apple’s “I’m a Mac / I’m a PC” commericlals that demonstrate the way many members of the American Deaf culture (including CODAs) see SEE as unwieldy and complicated in comparison to the simple elegance of ASL. In these short videos you see a short sample of something like SEE (though I suspect one or two of the signs are parodies of SEE, not the real signs). Several of the videos of what people called SEE (here’s just one example) were really just what might be called Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE), a way of using signs from ASL in something approximating English word order with English mouthing. There are also many people using the term SEE in vLogs and comments, and it is clear from the way they describe it that they don’t know what SEE really is. One of the few videos I found of someone actually signing SEE² was by Dr. Barb Luetke, who I found in my research is one of the few experts on the subject (if not the only one):

Here is Barb Luetke speaking about SEE II at a conference:

Here is a video of three teachers signing a song at the end of a SEE II workshop:

As an ASL-English interpreter, I work to be an ally of the Deaf, and I hold ASL in high esteem. I am not suggesting people should sign SEE — nor am I suggesting they should not. Language is a matter of choice. My desire is for people to make educated choices about the language they use, which is why I want to make sure people who use the term SEE know what it actually is.

References

Cokely, D. (1983). When is pidgin not a pidgin? An alternative analysis on the ASL-English contact situation. Sign Language Studies, 38, pp. 1-24.

Davis, J. (1989). Distinguishing language contact phenomena in ASL. In C. Lucas (Ed.), The sociolinguistics of the Deaf community (pp. 85-102). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Lucas, C., & Valli, C. (1989). Language contact in the American Deaf community. In C. Lucas (Ed.), The sociolinguistics of the Deaf community (pp. 11-40). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Luetke-Stahlman, B. & Milburn, W.O. (1996 March). A history of Seeing Essential English (SEE I). American Annals of the Deaf (141). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ535800


Posted

in

by

Comments

8 responses to “SEE: Allow me to disabuse you of a common misnomer”

  1. Michelle Avatar
    Michelle

    Hi 🙂
    SEE I is now referred to as Morphological Signing System or MSS. I use Signing Exact English (although I do not use the same sign for multiple-meaning words) because using SEE helps deaf children learn how to read. (No one wants to talk about the fact that the average deaf adult — who almost always was educated in an ASL program — reads at about the third-grade level.) Most deaf babies nowadays get cochlear implants and go into oral programs, so ASL programs will be closing. Best wishes. 🙂

    Like

  2. Elaine Jolley Christensen Avatar
    Elaine Jolley Christensen

    Hello Mr. Greene,

    My name is Elaine Jolley Christensen. I am ne of Mr. David Anthony’s original hearing students from 1966. How do I contact him? Is it possible?

    Like

    1. Daniel Greene Avatar

      I don’t know. I just Googled him and found nothing.

      Like

  3. Reflection & artifacts / evidence | Daniel Greene's Portfolio Avatar

    […] SEE: Allow me to disabuse you of a common misnomer (Greene, 2012) […]

    Like

  4. David Avatar
    David

    I knew a family that tried to raise their son with SEE2 back in the ‘70’s. I must say that SEE2 is screamingly tedious to use as David Anthony and others promoted and it is exhausting to watch. I met only one or maybe two Hearing adults who could use SEE2 beyond short segments that seemed thought out and composed beforehand. The son progressed toward a more bilingual language pattern as he became older.

    Personally, I have strong doubts that SEE2 offers any advantage for a deaf child when compared to a fully bilingual model with ASL being used in instruction to provide clear explanations of English usage and forms.

    David

    Like

    1. Daniel Greene Avatar

      Personally, I agree; however, the point of my article is not to debate the merits of SEE but to argue against using the term “SEE” for all forms of “English-like” signing. Marlon Kuntze, a Deaf researcher, wrote, “an unfortunate side to the otherwise marvelous wealth of new information about ASL was that the focus of the linguistic analysis was unbalanced” (Kuntze, 1990, p.76). I have not been able to read the full text of his original article, but I found this quotation of Kuntze in another book in which the authors explained he was talking about how “linguistic study has focused on those aspects of ASL that seemed more ASL-like and put aside aspects of signing that seem to be influenced by English” (Schick, Marschark, and Spencer, 2006, p. 13).

      For research that supports a bilingual education for Deaf children using ASL (not SEE or SEE2), see Strong & Prinz (1997). They show that Deaf children of Deaf parents had English skills on par with their Hearing peers (See http://whysign.wix.com/why_sign#!__language-connections/12c).

      References

      Kuntze, M. (1990). ASL: Unity and power. In M. Garretson (Ed.) Communication issues among Deaf people: A Deaf American monograph, pp. 75-78. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

      Schick, B., Marschark, M., & Spencer, P.E. (2006). Advances in the sign Language development of Deaf children. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

      Strong, M. & Prinz, P. (1997). A study of the relationship between American Sign Language and English literacy. In Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education (2)1, pp. 37–46.

      Like

  5. terpshands Avatar

    Great post…. I especially loved how u ended with the SEE vs. ASL video
    #stilllaughing

    Like

    1. Daniel Greene Avatar

      Did the video show up for you, or just the link? For me, I only saw the link, so I moved it up in the post as an inline text link. Anyway, I’m glad you liked it! Thanks for writing.

      Like

Comments welcome